Appraisal And Evidence Synthesis Of Two Reviews

Appraisal And Evidence Synthesis Of Two Reviews Select two reviews of your choice. One should be a Systematic Review and the other a Traditional Selective Review. Critically discuss the quality of your reviews with respect to a standard assessment tool suitable for reviews. The aim of a review is to give an overview of the primary studies of a particular subject and analyse them in a way, which is thorough, unbiased and reproducible, should it be repeated. about the gathering of the primary data that is being reviewed. A systematic review is a method of synthesising primary research and studies. It is based on having a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review (Cochrane Collaboration Glosasry, 2010). It also uses an objective and transparent approach for research synthesis, with the aim of minimizing bias. Statistical methods known as meta-analysis may or may not be used to analyse and summarise the results of the included studies (Wiesler McGauran, 2010). Systematic reviews differ from narrative reviews. A narrative review differs in that the question being answered is usually less specific and has a wider focus of interest (Cook et al, 1997). A narrative review may look more at the interaction of variables within a problem or the development and management of a problem, while a systematic review will usually focus on a specific and answerable question; therefore have a clear defined outcome that it is gathering evidence about. A narrative review summarizes different primary studies from which conclusions may be drawn in to holistic interpretation contributed by the reviewers own experience, existing theories and models with results having a qualitative rather than a quantitative meaning (Campbell Collaborative, 2001; Kirkevold, 1997). As with all types of research reviews both systematic and narrative need to be appraised for their relevance and value to the subject it relates. A number of tools have been developed to help with the process of critically appraising of research. For the purpose of this assignment, the tool that will be used was produced by the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), defining questions and prompts to assess the review, based on questions developed by Oxman et al (1994). This is an appraisal tool that assesses three main issues; is the study valid? What the results are and whether those results help locally. The aim of this tool has been designed to answer these questions in a detailed and systematic manner. Furthermore, this tool has been selected as it has been specifically designed to support evidence-based practice in health and social care (Public Health Resources Unit, 2006) and therefore it forces the reviewer to also consider the perspective of the patient and it is of relevance to the articles that have been selected here. The systematic review to be used for this assignment is Gava et al (2009) Psychological Treatments Versus Treatment as Usual for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. This review was chosen from The Cochrane Library, as the systematic reviews here have all been carried out using precise methodology, are updated in line with new research and are specifically intended to help anyone involved in healthcare, including patients (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2010). The narrative review to be considered will be Abramowitz et al (2001) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A review of the treatment literature. This review was found in a search on the CINAHL database. The CASP tool to be used is specific to systematic reviews (PHRU, 2006); however it will be adapted here to also appraise the narrative review. The ten questions asked in the CASP tool will now be considered. Did the review ask a clearly focused question? Liberati et al (2009) stated that authors should always identify their report as a systematic review or meta-analysis. Although sensitive search strategies have been developed to identify reviews, inclusion of the terms systematic review or meta-analysis in the title may improve indexing and identification (Montori et al, 2005). Furthermore, the title of a systematic review should be informative making key information easily accessible to the reader. This should include reflecting PICOS approach (participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes and study design) providing key information about the scope of the review (Liberati et al, 2009). The systematic review used for the purpose of this assignment was Psychological Treatments versus Treatment as Usual for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (Review). This title failed to provide details of any participants or settings. The intervention and comparator are given as psychological treatments and treatment as usual, however, these had not been clearly specified and details of the outcome measure had not been provided either. Furthermore, the title simply stated review. Such terms do not enlighten the reader whether the review was systematic or whether a meta-analysis was performed (Liberati et al, 2009). Therefore, it has to be noted that the review failed to ask a clearly focused question. The narrative review of the Abramowitz et al (2001) study was Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A review of the treatment literature. As with the systematic review this paper also failed to use the PICOS approach, nevertheless, as a narrative review summaries the research more generally, these details may not even be appropriate (Cook et al, 1997). In this review the intervention was specified as Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and it had been clearly indicated that this was a traditional review. Even though the question was not clearly focused, the author does provide the reader with an insight as to what the article contains. Did the review include the right type of study? The studies discussed in the systematic review included looking at any psychological treatment compared to any treatment as usual for adults with OCD, which appeared to be appropriate for answering the research question. All of the included studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which appeared to be an appropriate study design with the focus being on the effectiveness of interventions (Hill Spittlehouse, 2003). However, by including RCTs only and excluding other forms of research, this may result on limiting the conclusions drawn in the review. This appears of particular relevance to healthcare where qualitative forms of data, such as patients experience of an intervention, should be considered of great importance (Petticrew, 2001). The studies discussed in the narrative review also seem to address the question as research carried out on CBT for OCD was drawn upon. It also stated that the review focused particularly on exposure and response prevention treatment. This decision appeared to reflect the authors own interest rather than a thorough search of the available literature, which may lead to some form of bias being introduced. The review draws largely upon RCTs and meta-analyses, which may be appropriate as the focus of interest was effectiveness (Hill Spittlehouse, 2003). However, limiting to the inclusion of only this research design and in a narrative review, it would seem that a range of research could have been incorporated easily as this review appeared limited from not having done so. As explicit details of each study used were not provided, other methodology could have been included but not clearly described. Did the reviewers try to identify all relevant studies? To help identify all potentially appropriate research, a thorough literature search must be conducted in order to carry out a systematic review. This involves not only searching electronic databases, but also checking the reference lists of any selected articles in order to identify further research (Greenhalgh, 1997b), searching for non-English language research and unpublished research ( Centre for Reviews Disseminations, 2008). This helps to reduce any bias in research that is published in non-English languages, as research showing significant results tend to be published in English journals. Furthermore, by having English publications only may have a greater impact on the results than there actually was. By searching a number of various electronic journal databases, reference lists, unpublished and ongoing research and also research in non-English language indicated that Gava et al (2009) attempted to conduct a thorough literature research. There were no details or information provided to indicate how the studies were obtained or how the search was conducted for the narrative review. Even though researches from other countries have been referenced, no indication has been given whether this was taken from non-English language publications. Emphasis has been placed on research into exposure and response prevention therapy and the authors own work has also been cited. This however places some aspect of bias on the review as the reviewer has a clear interest in the topic currently being reviewed. Did the reviewers assess the quality of the included studies? The Gava et al (2009) systematic review describes rigorous quality assessment. A pre-determined scoring system was used which should help to reduce bias by making quality criteria objective and unrelated to the outcomes of the research (Greenhalgh, 1997b). To help reduce the chances of any bias emerging, quality assessments were carried out by two authors independently. However, it must be noted that all articles were included regardless of their quality standard. Furthermore, it has been suggested that not all the authors made the method of randomisation used explicit and they were not always blind to the allocation. Abramowitz et als (2001) review does not mention any formal quality assessment. It must be noted that some informal judgements have been made. Furthermore, it has been noted that some of the research discussed in the review failed to be conducted to a high standard as reference was made to the use of control groups where comparison treatments used was known to be of no benefit to sufferers of OCD. This is unethical as participants allocated to the control groups would have received ineffective treatment which would have had an impact on the results as participants in these groups would have experienced higher anxiety levels and frustration making gains in the experimental group appear much higher. As narrative reviews do not normally employ pre-defined quality assessment tools, research included is likely to be of inconsistent quality and is more at risk of bias (Cook et al, 1997). If the results of the studies have been combined, was it reasonable to do so? Results of each study used can be combined in a systematic review to increase the sensitivity to significant results (Crombie, 1996). However, this should only be done when the studies and their results are similar enough to make the combination of findings meaningful (Crombie, 1996). The Gava et al (2009) review did combine the results of all the studies reviewed. The results of each study were presented in a forest plot showing the mean, standard deviation and confidence interval for each. Heterogeneity was also considered both by eyeballing the data and also by statistical analysis, which found no significant differences in the main analyses, but did find significant differences on some of the secondary analyses. General reasons for heterogeneity were discussed at the start of the paper, but the specific heterogeneity found was not discussed in great lengths. Furthermore, a weighting system was used to combine the results. This means that in the analyses stages studies displaying lower level quality were then given a lower weight making this an effective method for including such studies. The Abramowitz et al (2001) review did not combine the results of all the studies reviewed. In general terms the CRD (2008) state that the intentions of a narrative review is generally to provide a summary of relevant research rather than to synthesis or re-analyse. Furthermore, they also state that this could lead to further biased conclusions based on the reviewers own opinions rather than on stringent analyses that could be recreated by other researchers. How the results presented and what are the main result? In the systematic review, the results have been presented in the body of the text and also as in forest plots. CRD (2008) state that results should be expressed in formats that are easily understood. The most commonly used graphic is the forest plot as it provides a simple representation of the precision of individual and overall results and of the variation between study results (CRD, 2008). The results indicated that psychological treatments led to more improvements in OCB symptoms than did treatments as usual. Improvements in dropout rates, quality of life, anxiety and depression levels in both psychological and treatment were also taken into consideration. Psychological therapy was broken down further to look at the variables being expressed, the mean differences being calculated for continuous variables, but it also took into consideration and reported on the individual effects of CBT, Cognitive Therapy and Behaviour Therapy. Abramowitz et al (2001) review also discussed results for each study reviewed. This indicated that exposure and response prevention were both effective therapies for OCD. However, since no statistics had been used then it was not possible to assess how large and significant the results were without referring to the original research. The research presented tends to be interpreted in favour of exposure and response prevention therapy, even with the results appear to suggest little difference (JÃ ¼ni et al, 2001). The conclusions drawn here are based on the authors own opinions and could have been subjected to biased interpretation of results or detection bias (JÃ ¼ni et al, 2001). How precise are the results? The use of confidence intervals in systematic reviews gives the reader an idea of how precise the results can be considered to be (Hopkins, 2001). Confidence intervals describe the range within which a result for the whole population would occur for a specified proportion of times a survey or test was repeated among a sample of the population. Confidence intervals are a standard way of expressing the statistical accuracy of a survey-based estimate (Young Bolton, 2009). The confidence interval expresses the uncertainty around the point estimate, describing a range of values within which it is reasonably certain that the true effect lies; wider confidence interval reflects greater uncertainty (CRD, 2008). Where a 95% confidence interval is reported then we can be reasonably confidence that the range included the true value for the population as a whole. Formally we would expect it to contain the true value 95% of the time (Young Bolton, 2009). Although intervals can be reported for a ny level of confidence, in most systematic reviews of health interventions, the 95% confidence interval is used (CRD, 2008). Eight studies (11 study comparisons) were identified, all of which compared cognitive and/or behavioural treatments versus treatment as usual control groups. Seven studies (ten comparisons) had usable data for meta-analyses. These studies demonstrated that patients receiving any variant of cognitive behavioural treatment exhibited significantly fewer symptoms post-treatment than those receiving treatment as usual (SMD -1.24, 95%, CI -1.61 to -0.87, 1Â ² test for heterogeneity was not significant at 33.4%) (Gava et al, 2009). Different types of cognitive and / or behavioural treatments showed similar differences in effect when compared with treatment as usual. Results obtained for CBT on OCD symptoms exhibited that the overall mean difference (fixed effects) was in favour of psychological treatments (WMD -7.73, 95%, CI -9.92, -5.55). The 1Â ² test of heterogeneity was not significant at 33.4%. Results obtained for cognitive therapy on OCD symptoms exhibited that the overall standardised mean difference (random effects) were slightly in favour of psychological treatments (SMD -1.20, 95%, CI -2.66, 0.25). The 1Â ² test of heterogeneity was not significant at 74.2%. The overall treatment effect appeared to be influenced by differences in baselin e severity (Gava et al, 2009). Within the Abramowitz et al (2001) paper, there does not seem to be any confidence intervals apparent within, thus leaving us unable to analyse how precise the results, which are described within the paper truly are. In comparison to the systematic review, this approach appears to be highly less open; the author is able to narrate the results in however way they please for example they could suggest that they are highly significant or interpret them as equal to their own theoretical standing but without the need of referral to the original case, however there is no way a certain conclusion as to whether this has occurred or not be drawn up. Can the results be applied to the local population? Within the Gava et al (2009) paper, population details and setting for each study do not seem to be clearly apparent. Although a high percentage are noted as outpatient, a number of settings were not highlighted as to their location or setting. Due to this lack of knowledge, and that some of the studies could have been carried out in a inpatient setting, it would not be possible to ascertain a generalised result to the local population with information found in the inpatient studies. It was stated that the statistical data, or demographics, of the participants were of a similar and consistent nature however there was no in depth analysis or description of them. Due to this small fact, therefore it would not have been possible to state that these were similar to the local population. The duration of treatments described when provided locally was usually shorter thus it can assume some of the methods could not be provided within the local settings. Therefore, the generalisation of the results requires some degree of accuracy and precision for there are often vast and clearly significant differences between the sample and the settings used, here and the local population. Once again, within the Abramowitz et al (2001) review, there was no description of the population meaning that it was not possible to ascertain a generalised collaboration of results. Furthermore, as one of the studies had been carried out in an inpatient setting, then it would not have been possible to generalise these results within such settings. The duration of these studies are described as being of 60-90 minutes on a daily basis which frankly could not have been possible locally. Therefore it is vital that care is taken when attempting to create a generalised result from this review as things that appear to be insignificant, as such small details can be inevitably crucial elements. Were all the important outcomes considered? The Gava et al (2009) review discussed various outcomes as well as improvements in OCD symptoms. Also considered were the outcomes for anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, dropout rates and quality of life. These elements were not only likely to be of a high degree of importance to the service providers but also to the service users themselves. Service leads, mental health commissioners and policy makers / government officials may also be interested in dropout rates and reasons for dropout i.e. at initial assessment or at follow up appointment. Details of each therapy session missed, cancelled, failed to attend would be important as well. The narrative review also discussed various improvements in OCD symptoms with each intervention. Consideration was given to the distress linked with exposure therapy, as it would be an important factor for all parties concerned i.e. patient and their families, and also taking into account the supporting role of the carer while patient receives therapy. Abramowitz et al (2001) review state that a relatively large number of clients refuse participation in exposure therapy because of anxiety evoking elements of treatment (i.e. confronting feared stimuli). This places emphasis on the importance of understanding the rationale for exposure therapy, demonstrating mastery of case conceptualization, and providing the client with a convincing explanation of why confronting feared situations will result in long-term abatement of obsessions and compulsions. Should policy or practice change as a result of the evidence contained in the review? The current use of CBT for OCD is supported by the Gava et al (2009) review. Despite this, any RCT or other psychological therapy was unidentifiable by the author whilst other types of therapy did not fit the required format needed in order to carry out a RCT to the same quality that a CBT does thus meaning it has more controlled research in comparison to other forms of therapy. One criticism of systematic reviews is their bias towards certain methodologies for important research may not be included thus leading to biased conclusions. Further research is therefore needed to make comparisons between CBT and other types of therapy; it may be that a mixed methods review would have been carried out in order to do this effectively (Dixon-Woods et al, 2004) A biased review is also present in Abramowtiz et al (2001). In this case it is towards studies in support of exposure and response prevention therapy. No decision can be reached from this review for a thorough search to identify all research in the area -quality assessment and the clear display of results was not completed. Conclusions are more likely to be biased and not be representative of all the evidence in the field within narrative views for they do not follow a predefined and set methodology thus, narrative reviews are less likely to influence policy and practise. Conclusion It is evident that both methodologies consist of advantages and disadvantages. Systematic reviews use pre-defined methodologies with the intention of reducing bias making the results to appear more robust. Nevertheless a critique appears to be the evident over emphasis of RCT which is argued to find less generalisable results. On the other hand, narrative review results appear to be more generalisable and tend to be more flexible in the incorporation of other methodologies. However within these reviews, the scientific, pre-defined strategies are not employed, thus considering them to have a higher risk of leading to bias. To conclude, it appears that both of these reviews can be of significant help and are easily justifiable for use, depending on the question that the researcher is trying to answer and the point at which the evidence base is at in its development.

The Princess Bride Movie Review

Savannah Sheets 9th English 24 May 2012 The Princess Bride Movie Review â€Å"Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die. † This is one of the many humorous lines in the movie, The Princess Bride. The Princess Bride is a romantic, action-comedy film and was directed by Rob Reiner in 1987. The plot of this movie is a fairytale narrated by a grandfather to his grandson full of action in attempt of getting a kidnapped princess back to her childhood love the day before her planned marriage with the prince.The main characters, Buttercup the princess (Robin Wright) and Westley (Cary Elwes) fall in love when they are just two young teenagers shown at the beginning of the story. Fate separates them for 5 years and soon brings them back together before she gets married to Prince Humperdinck. Westley, her childhood sweetheart, wears a disguise and follows 3 men who have kidnapped Princess Buttercup to get her back. His wits help him team up with the kidnappers and overcome Prince Humperdinck and his ‘army’.Westley is caught but soon escapes with the help of Fezzik the Giant and Inigo Montoya. They all jump out of the window and ride away on horses. Westley and Buttercup marry and live happily ever after. The Princess Bride is often compared to the movies Ella Enchanted, Spy Kids, and Stardust, all of which have different aspects of themes that were similarly incorporated in the movie. It took place in the fictional countries of Florin and Guilder, sometime between the establishment of Europe and after the manufacturing of blue jeans.The story reaches out mostly to the young adult audience, but would easily be satisfactory to people of other audiences as well. The events in the story are highly unlikely, but are well-structured and amusing to the viewers which help it to be easier to understand. The dialogue is meant to sound like the story was based from the medieval times, with a twist of comedy. Finally, the themes portray ed in this movie were that true love conquers all. Westley, even after all of the time spent apart, found his true love and in the end it all worked out with a happily ever after.Good versus evil is also a theme in this movie because Prince Humperdinck tries to marry Princess Buttercup knowing that she is still in love with Westley. Even though it was an arranged marriage, Prince Humperdinck tried to convince her that it would take time for them to fall in love, but they would eventually get used to it. Princess Buttercup has a nightmare which opens her eyes. She dreams about the marriage which is interrupted by who is known as â€Å"The Ancient Boo-er†. She tells Buttercup that she is a disgrace because she has power but isn’t using it to her advantage and is letting down the people of her country.

Economic Growth and Financial Development

There are three views about the relation between economic growth and financial development. First, financial development has impact on economic growth (i. e. Bagehot, 1873; Schumpeter, 1912; McKinnon, 1973; Shaw, 1973; Patrick, 1966; Goldsmith, 1969; Fry, 1973). Second, economic growth leads to financial development and that where there is economic growth financial development follows (i. e. Robinson, 1952). The third view, however, contends that both financial development and economic growth Granger cause one another.In the essay, our group focus on the first view which financial development will has passive influence on economic growth. During the year from 1955 to 1993, many scholars has study the relationship between financial development and economic growth. Along with the time goes, the theory that financial development will real promote economic growth has been more and more prefect. In the years between 1950s and 1960s, economists such as Gurley and Shaw began to stress the c redit markets and the importance of financial intermediaries, which they believed play an important role in economy. 5] They argued that tradition monetary transmission mechanism ignores the factor of financial structure and financial flow and only pays attention to the total amount of money and the connection of the output. In 1955, Gurley and Shaw bring up the development of financial institution is both a determined and determining variable in the growth process. (Gurley and Shaw, 1995, p. 532). Gurley and Shaw stressed that financial intermediaries exert influence on credit supply rather than money supply.In this way, financial intermediaries improve the efficiency of savings turning into investments and then affect the whole economic activities. They are the earliest scholars to study in-depth the relationship between financial and economic development in developing countries. Gurley and Shaw pointed out that the main access road of monetary policy transmission probably have di verted from money quantity, which is traditionally thought as the medium of exchange.Whereas, the â€Å"financial capability† of economy would has a closer relationship with the gross expenditure. They put forward financial development enhances the intermediation of loanable funds and therefore growth will be stimulated and they have a debt-intermediation view. The Debt-intermediation view establishes relations between finance and growth. First, economic growth would be associated with financial development, as external indirect finance provides surplus units with the capacity to spend beyond their earnings.Second, growth would stimulate and be stimulated by the â€Å"institutionalisation of saving and investment†; income grows, richer wealth-holders will increase their desire to diversify their asset portfolio. If financial innovation is such to accommodate this â€Å"diversification demand†, financial institutions can enhance their lending capacity and thus bo ost growth; the process becomes a cycle. Gurley and Shaw has earlier pointed that the growing importance of NBFI (non-bank financial intermediaries) when they discussed their activities about potentially serious problems for monetary management and monetary policy. 1] Subsequent analysis of the problems had to two results. [2] First, if the monetary authorities exerted control over the financial system through the operating of the financial markets, monetary management would not be undermined. [3] Second, which placed specific restrictions on banks, at that time the dominant financial entities, the growing role of NBFI was stimulated in part by the opportunities for intermediation created by monetary policy measures.These contributions stressed the relevance for financial â€Å"deepening† (mean financial development) of rising wealth and income, then attempts to control the activities of financial intermediaries. Wealth and income incent the demand for financial services. Res trictions and Controls on financial intermediaries create the stimulation for further financial intermediation by generatingâ€Å"quasi-rents† that risk among participants in financial and capital markets and reflect differences in information. 4] However, Gurley and Shaw do not address the issue of causality between financial development and economic growth. In 1966, Patrick make the causality issue is addressed, he posed theâ€Å"stage of development† hypothesis, where the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth changes over the course of development. [6] Two hypotheses are developed, one is Demand-following hypothesis: a causal relationship from real to finance and the other is Supply-leading hypothesis: a causal relationship from finance to growth.The supply-leading hypothesis supposes a causal relationship from financial development to economic growth, which means mature creation of financial institutions and markets increases the supply of financial services, and thus leads to real economic growth. Patrick suggests that initial development is spurred by supply-leading process, which gives way to demand-following process. He posed financial institutions and services emerge as demand for those services unfolds. The idea is that finance is passive in the growth process, but lack of financial institutions may prevent growth to occur.Financial institutions and their services precede the emergence of demand; government support is needed to finance and nascent modern sector, such as subsidized loans, information to small business and long loan durations. He points out the importance of finance in economic growth. The difficulty of establishing the link between financial development and economic growth was first identified by Patrick (1966), he argued that a higher rate of financial growth is positively correlated with successful real growth. [7] In his theory, commercial banks may issue banknotes and accept â€Å" easy† collaterals. Easy loan† can induce economic growth, for it can finance innovation-type investment, however, in fact it can also induce irresponsible borrowing. Since the important work of Patrick, that first postulated a bi-directional relationship between financial development and economic growth. A large empirical literature has emerged testing this hypothesis as the Patrick's (1966) problem remains unresolved: What is the cause and what is the effect? Is finance a leading sector in economic development, or does it simply follow growth in real output which is generated elsewhere. References: [1] de Oliviera Campos, R. 1964) â€Å"Economic Development and Inflation with Special Reference to Latin America† in Development Plans and Programmes Paris: Organisation for Cooperation and Development [2] Duesenberry, J. S. and M. F. McPherson (1991) â€Å"Monetary Management in Sub-Saharan Africa† HIID Development Discussion Papers no. 369, January [3] Friedm an, M. (1973) Money and Economic Development The Horowitz Lectures of 1972 New York: Praeger Publishers [4] Malcolm F. McPherson and Tzvetana Rakovski (1999) â€Å"Financial Deepening and Investment in Africa: Evidence from Botswana and Mauritius†, Copyright 1999 Malcolm F.McPherson, Tzvetana Rakovski, and President and Fellows of Harvard College [5] Liu Pan Xie Tao (2006) The Monetary Policy Transmission in China-â€Å"Credit Channel† And Its Limitations, Working Papers of the Business Institute Berlin at the Berlin School of Economics (FHW-Berlin) [6] Anthony P. Wood and Roland C. Craigwell Financial Development and Economic Growth: Testing Patrick’s Hypothesis for Three Caribbean Economies [7] Philip Arestis (2005) FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCE AND GROWTH, University of Cambridge

The Cost Of Having A Baby - 2224 Words

The Cost of Having a Baby Tiffany Jones November 16, 2014 HCM 615 Health Care Finance Dr. Donald S. Brady There are many things in life are great gifts, and being a parent is one. Getting the news that you are expecting a child is a speechless moment. It is a very joyful occasion and everyone is happy about what to expect over the next nine months. Baby names start flowing and in every magazine you are looking at outfits and furniture and things of that nature. But has anyone stop to think about what is cost to have this baby? What medical expenses that will be incurred during this forty weeks process. The answer is no. No one probably really cares but the hospital and the insurance company. Now it’s time to take a look at some of the cost behind the blessing of labor and delivery. The amount that a mother will incur to have her bundle of joy will depend on many different factors. One may take into consideration where you live, whether there are any complications and whether mommy has a vaginal birth or a C-section. But just to take a glimpse inside this world, here are a few figu res that may surprise you. For prenatal care and delivery, the cost in some areas can range from about $9,000 to over $250,000 (Alfieri, 2012), which is quite a wide range, if not more. This is without the privilege of having insurance to cover. Even with the privilege of having health insurance, the majority of these expenses could be covered, but that’s not always the case. ItShow MoreRelatedMedical Ethics : Medical Ethical Dilemma Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesme because it dealt with a baby in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) born at twenty-four weeks’ gestation, weighing nine ounces. I want to be a NICU nurse so I am sure I will be faced with an issue similar to this at some point in my career. 2. What are your feelings about this dilemma? Are you for or against? 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How they choose to feed the baby is no different. While breastfeeding can be time consuming; the minimal cost, ease of convenience and added health benefits are why breastfeeding is the best choice for mom and baby. Breastfeeding not only requires very little financialRead MorePreparing For Baby s Arrival1487 Words   |  6 PagesPreparing for Baby s Arrival - Tips to Ensure a Well-Planned Pregnancy and Delivery By J. O Neil | Co-Author: K. O Neil | Submitted On July 19, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest You are going

Untold Stories About Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay That You Must Read or Be Left Out

Untold Stories About Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay That You Must Read or Be Left Out Bear in mind you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Sure, with this kind of a tremendous selection of topics to select from, picking just one may be challenging. On the opposing side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Not just that but students will be in a position to access their online courses and be in a position to follow along with the lecture through powerpoints. They should be allowed to pray in school. They are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment's topic. In such a scenario, a student must select a proper topic to write about. Overall, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Think of what you know. How to Choose Topi cs for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Choose from popular topics that folks are passionate about. Besides, the shortage of appropriate grammar makes the listeners eliminate respect to the speaker. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what should be carried out. You are able to learn the act of persuasion the very same way you learn to compose an apa paper. For quite a few, it is challenging to differentiate between argument and persuasion. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing since you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Persuasion is a kind of argument whenever there is logic and reasoning involved with the practice. You should first choose a good topic with an argument, credible information to back up your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a great counter-argument that will help you sound less biased. Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, needless to say , one that's debatable. Make sure your topic is not overly broad to ensure it is manageable. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Problems connected with drugs are somewhat contradictive. Most Noticeable Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. Weave in your perspective to earn your essay unique. Every argumentative essay ought to have an opposing view which can help you to prove you're right. What Does Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Mean? The list you'll find here is not aiming high merely to persuade people who you're right. There's a remarkable solution to your issue! It is very important to settle on a topic which you really care about because you will likely enjoy writing and it's going to be less difficult for you to have a stand on such problem and defend your standpoint. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you'll be well on your way to writing a fantastic persuasive essay. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a variety of argumentative paragraphs and essays. You may see that the method is practically always the exact same. Persuasive essays are a really good means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to another person. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Deciding upon the proper topic for a persuasive speech can be not such an easy matter to do as it might appear. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. It's possible to go for an intriguing topic from any area of science. Persuasion is a type of art, and putting everything together to find a good stuff is very useful. Ultimately, keep in mind that a huge portion of being effective in persuasion is the capacity to attract your audience's emotions. Persuasive writing is quite common in actual life. Don't ever doubt what you're writing because in the event you do, it is going to show in your work. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting a superb topic is vital. The value of research in persuasive writing may not be overstated. The Nuiances of Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are generally at no cost. Books should not be banned. Begin with general subjects that you are conversant with then narrow down to a certain topic. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking.

Dr. Ben Carson As A Leader Of A Nation - 1638 Words

As the United States prepares for the coming presidential race in 2016, circumstances throw into question which qualities a candidate should possess in order to be successful and make a positive impact on the nation. Looking into the past, one can surmise that the best leaders must be brave, and filled with indomitable courage, compassion, and hope. The president is one leading millions and making key decisions which have enormous ramifications. As the leader of a nation, he or she speaks out in times of joy and crisis, setting the tone for the entire government body. Dr. Ben Carson is a candidate with unusual roots that are far removed from the usual candidate’s political or military experience. Carson grew up as a poor, African†¦show more content†¦Carson went so far as to exclaim in his own autobiography that, â€Å"For whatever reason, the God of the universe, the God who holds galaxies in His hands, had seen a reason to reach down to a campus room on Planet Eart h and send a dream to a discouraged ghetto kid who wanted to become a doctor† (taleoftwocarsons), If Ben Carson were to read The Autobiography of Malcolm X, it could reconnect him with his past, his community, and a shared struggle that has led to a shared strength. Malcolm X is the pinnacle example of a man from humble beginnings finding himself, his connection to others, and his voice. His humility made him authentic, meaningful, and resonant with society at large. The Autobiography of Malcolm X has been in continuous publication since its first edition was printed in 1965. Not only a canonized text of Malcolm X’s story, it also contains such an important perspective on the history of inequality. In fact, it has been required reading in public schools for decades. The New York Times called the book, â€Å"Extrordinary. A brilliant, painful, important book† (X). Spike Lee, American director who directed the film Malcolm X, Praised the autobiography as, â€Å"T he most important book I’ll ever read. It changed the way I thought; it changed the way I acted. It has given me the courage that I didn’t know I had inside me.Show MoreRelatedLeadership Qualities Of An Effective Leader1075 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership: the definition states that someone in the position of leader, who guides or directs a group. This definition is hauntingly broad to me. Leadership, I believe, is not an idea that can be defined. It is instead an exemplary action by a single person whose best interest lies with the betterment of the group, and not himself. The qualities of an effective leader are apparent in Lord of the Flies. As for an effective leader in today’s society, this essay will analyze the leadership qualitiesRead Moreelizabeths Essays2751 Words   |  12 Pagesnever heard of the movie or the man, Dr. Ben Carson, I found his story and life inspirational. I felt drawn to know more about him. Following the movie, my daughter, Eliza beth, and I goggled Dr. Carson. Since the movie begins with Ben Carson as a poor child who is bullied and made fun of due to his poverty, poor grades in school, and lack of friends, Elizabeth could relate to his insecurities, fears, and anger. As the movie moved through the life of Ben Carson, we saw how he overcame all the obstaclesRead MoreDr. Ben Carson From The Republican1076 Words   |  5 PagesIn the upcoming United States presidential election which will take place at November 8th, 2016, candidates are trying to obtain nomination from their own party through the primary election. Dr. Ben Carson from the Republican is one of them. He announced his bid in the election on May 4th, 2015, at the Charles Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit. In his announcement speech, he approached the audience with all three persuasion techniques. Logos, in which he’s well known of, the usageRead MorePresidential Election : Presidential Elections1114 Words   |  5 Pa gesThe Democratic Party is more straightforward with Hillary Clinton as the front-runner with Burney Sanders following behind. The Republican Party is more spread out with various candidates including Donald Trump (the front-runner), followed by Dr. Ben Carson, Jeb Bush, Carly Fiorina, Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, Chris Christie, Mike Huckabee, John Kasich and Rand Paul. Donald Trump, the leading candidate for the Republican Party, follows two goals stated in the Preamble of the United States Constitution:Read MoreThe Debate Over America Needs Change Now More Than Ever And Vote For Your Own Candidate?1488 Words   |  6 Pagespresident and vice president must come from different states. American politics has been dominated by a two-party system ever since George Washington retired to Mount Vernon, but the parties have changed, separated, and evolved dramatically as the nation was forced to struggle with new challenges at home and abroad. By 1816 the Federalist Party had dissolved, but Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party remained and continues to exist today as the Democratic Party. Over the years different partiesRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis And The Middle East2015 Words   |  9 Pagesknown by many as the home of the free. While this may be something many Americans identify to be true, the struggle for freedom in Syria is a battle that is displacing many citizens of that region. Throughout the media, there are reports of political leaders taking different stands and positions on the Syrian refugee crisis and displacement in the Middle East. According to Webster’s dictionary, the definition of displacement is â€Å"to force (people or ani mals) to leave the area where they live†. More recentlyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSelf-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Building and Leading a Team? 308 glOBalization! Group Cohesiveness across Cultures 314 An Ethical Choice Using Global Virtual Teams as an Environmental Choice 315 Myth or Science? â€Å"Teams Work Best Under Angry Leaders† 320 Self-Assessment Library What Is My Team Efficacy? 322 Point/Counterpoint We Can Learn Much About Work Teams from Studying Sports Teams 326 Questions for Review 327 Experiential Exercise Fixed versus Variable Flight Crews 327 Ethical DilemmaRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University

Corporate Governance Board Gender Diversity

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Board Gender Diversity. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to develop the understanding of requirement of the gender diversity in the coroporate governance of the listed organizations in the Australian stock exchange (ASX) and the estimation of the women ratio in the ASX 200 board members. At the same time, this report focuses on the gender diversity issues to meet out the women criteria in the board organization. Along with this, this report also focuses on providing the different evidence to enhance the business performance in the context of the gender diversity. On the other hand, this report identifies the business areas through gender diversity. Finally, this report provides some recommendation to initiate the gender diversity policy for the organization's board. Gender Diversity Gender diversity means the company demonstrates the men and women are in equal or good percentage. In the other words, generally gender diversity in the board represents both the male and female members in the organization (Nanda, 2014). Gender diversity increases the awareness in the context of the different genders. Issues in Gender Diversity Gender diversity is a major issue for the top level management organizations as they are many organisations whose board members have mostly comprises of men only. At the same time, some of few Australian firms give priority to the women at top level management board such as Harvey Norman, ingeus, and Carman's Fine Foods (Kumar and Zattoni, 2016). But, in currently, 95% top level persons in Australian firms are men.Currently, 23.4% women are working in the top level management in the ASX 200. However, still, no woman is representing in the ASX 200 top 20 boards. As a result, it can be said that Australia ASX 200 boards are not able to meet the 30% criteria of women in the top board. In addition, in ASX 200, 93% (185 companies) companies have a policy of gender diversity for women on board. Above diagram indicates the women directorships in the Australian stock exchange ASX 200, therefore, there are 23.4% womens are working in the board organization. Benefits of Gender Diversity There are different benefits of gender diversity in the organization such as gender diversity enhances the reputation of the firm that will impact the organization performance. Along with this, gender diversity is effective for a listed ASX organization because gender diversity develops and help in bringing innovation in the new technology through knowledge and skills of different genders, which is quite helpful to increase the productivity of the firm. On the other hand, on the basis of gender diversity, different viewpoints of men and women are available to solve the organization problems. Simultaneously, on the basis of gender diversity company can easily increase their customer base size. Furthermore, the large scale of female participation in the organization would increase the share price of the firm. Consequently, more investors would be attracted towards the firm, which increases the confidence of the firm (Richard, et al., 2013). At the same time, female directorship can increase the effectiveness of the corporate governance of the firm because of female employee more aware the social dynamics and human issues. Simultaneously, a female director is helpful for the organization because it enhances the strategic pools of the organization and improving intra-Australian board communication. Business Performance Evidence of the Gender Diversity Telstra Telecomm Australian Company has adopted a gender diversity strategy of 50% males and females in the board organization, which is helpful to enhance the company performance. Telstra is the largest telecom company in the Australia and won the women business award in 2015. On the other hand, Facebook also adopted a little bit gender diversity policy because company appoints the Sheryl sandberg in the board because she was the successful female entrepreneur, while she joined the Facebook board the user base of the Facebook increased 10 times and she improved the technology sector of the company. Consequently, the company has valued $100 billion which is half GDP of the Nigeria (Hoogendoorn, et al., 2013). Besides this, Google is also adopted the gender diversity policy consequently, company appoints the Susan Wojcicki as a CEO of the YouTube in Google and her decision is effective for the company growth. Along with this, she provides the effective profitable ideas to the Google, which is quite helpful to enhance the feasibility of the firm. Simultaneously, she is powerful in advertising sector and her efforts increase the Google advertising revenue i.e. $43 billion (Marinova, et al., 2015). In addition, Reynolds American water also adopted the gender diversity policy. Consequently, company is selected the Susan M. Cameron. She takes the effective strategic decision towards the company that was quite helpful to increase the reputation of the firm in the tobacco sector. This firm appreciates the gender diversity and provides the financial rewards on the basis of her effective performance. While the Susan M. Cameron improves the competitive advantage of the company and her efforts in the company strategic decision to accomplish the objectives. Apart from this, many of the firms have inequality gender diversity because companies may think women are not capable of doing work at top level management. Such originations may face the problem of communication barriers, cultural resistance, discrimination, which has impact upon the company performance. Moreover, without gender diversity policy in the firm decreases the share prices of the firm and their investor due to gender discrimination. Although this topic is being selected for this report because in the current environment, gender diversity has positive impacts on the company performance and it corporate governance (Hoogendoorn, et al., 2013). Along with this, gender diversity increases the feasibility of the firm. Recommendation of the Australian Stock Exchange Corporate governance council (CGC) of Australia has issued the various recommendations for all the listed entities in the Australian stock exchange in the context to the gender diversity. The Australian Institute of Company Directors has issued the guidelines to all the Organizations who have listed in the ASX should disclose the men and women proportion ratio in the board organization. Along with this, company should enclose how it identifies the senior executive positions in the board as to know and encourage the gender diversity. Besides this, ASX recommends that every organization should disclose their corporate governance report in the Australian stock exchange to know the gender diversity objectives and to know the role of women employees in the board of the organization (Vafaei, et al., 2015). In spite of this, The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) should recommend to all the organizations to make a policy related to gender diversity as including measurable aim which is helpful to establish the effective relationship with investors. As a consequence, AICD aims to provide the transparency in the organizations as to encourage the organizations to increase women participation in the senior roles. Conclusion From the above report, it can be summarized that every organization needs to develop the policy of gender diversity ratio of men and women in the top level management, which is helpful to raise the business productivity among the shareholders in the market. Meanwhile, ASX 200 can achieve the target of 30% women in the board at the end of 2018 due to effective gender diversity policy (Richard, et al., 2013). At the same time, this report examines the organization can raise their investor's relations and feasibility on the basis of gender diversity policy. Part B Introduction Whistleblowers policy is the essential part of corporate governance that is made by the company. This report discusses the best-practice contemporary standards for whistleblower policies which, are suggested by the federal and state government. This report also presents the legislation that is made for whistleblowers in the Australia. This report also discusses the objectives, requirements and eligibility criteria for public sector and private sectors whistleblowers. In the last, this report presents the recommendation for listed companies on the Australia stock exchange. Best-Practice Contemporary Standards for Whistleblower Policies Whistleblower Whistleblower is a person who represents any kind of business information and activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, and wrong within an organization. They could be both in private or public sectors. The Business information that is suspected wrong generally includes infringement of business policy and rules, law, regulation, and risk to public interest and national protection (ASIC, 2016). Other unlawful activities are fraud and corruption. Whistleblowers select the sources to get information and represent it either internally or externally. Internally, the whistleblower can pass their accusation to those people who work within the accused organization. On the other side, externally, the whistleblower may bring an accusation to the third parties who are outside of the accused organization. Australian Whistleblower Legislation The Public Sector In 2002, the Australian government had committed to provide the best-practice legislation to persuade and protect public interest disclosure within the administration. These Australian whistleblower protection rules are moderately wide-ranging for the public sector. Further, federal and state legislation covers all jurisdictions with the intention to ensure reliability and responsibility in the public sector (Harris, et al., 2015). Following are several acts that are constituted by the Federal and State government to protect the Whistleblowers public interest: Whistleblowers Protection Act 1993, (South Australia), Whistleblowers Protection Act 1994, (Queensland), Public Interest Disclosures Act 1994, (New South Wales), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2012, (Australian Capital Territory), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013, (Commonwealth), Protected Disclosure Act 2012, (Victoria), Public Interest Disclosures Act 2002, (Tasmania), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2003, (Western Australia), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2008, (Northern Territory) (ASIC, 2016). Objectives The main objective to make the laws is to provide the security to the whistleblower. Security indicates that report on unlawful activity. Another objective is to provide appropriate protection for those people who make these kinds of reports. Further, these laws are effective to provide the structure that correctly deals with the reported matters (Weimer and Vining, 2015). These laws are beneficial to provide protection to whistleblowers such as, to protect against the unfair treatment and to suffer any detriment. Shortcomings The reportable illegal behavior is unclear and differs among the jurisdictions. Furthermore, unidentified grievances are not always protected by the jurisdictions. In addition to this, it is not clear, which government will protect to whistleblower and what ways will be used to provide protection. The responsibility on the agencies differs and is also unclear (Shukla and Limbasiya, 2015). In addition to this, the nonexistence of supervision agency creates difficulty in protecting the whistleblower. The Private Sector For the private sector, legislative protection is significantly weaker. Because the primary provisions are contained in the federal corporation act 2004 that only cover the whistleblower reporting breaches of the Corporation Act and the ASIC Act. According to the part 9.4AAA Section 1317 AA-AE, a person is protected as the whistleblower if they have a distinct position like an officer of the company, workforces of the company, a contractor and human resources who have contracted to supply goods and services to the firm (Whistleblowing Solution, 2016). The Corporations Act prohibits retaliation against the whistleblower and grants them a civil rights such as looking for replacement of employment. Eligibility for the whistleblower The person who has a sound track record and do not involve in any civil and criminal proceedings in past. In addition to this, any contractual liabilities and remedies should not be imposed on the whistleblower (Ion, et al., 2015). It means that secrecy provisions in any employment contracts will not disqualify the process of whistleblowing. Note: The Corporations Act unable to present that the person is not involved in civil or criminal subject matter, and is also unable to determine the behavior of a person that is exposed by the disclosure. Position of whistleblowers Whistleblowers provide the protection so; they must be in a top level position within the organization. They must be part of ASIC or the auditor of the company or the staff member of the audit team that conducts the audit of the company. In addition to this, the whistleblower must be appointed as the director, secretary and senior manager of the company (Taiwo, 2015). Further, they must be authorized by the company to receive disclosure. Requirements for whistleblower To prompt the provisions of the Corporations Act, the discloser must act in good faith. They must give their name before representing the whistleblowing activities. Whistleblowers have reasonable justification to suspect that the information that they will represent is related with company or an officer or workers (Brough, et al., 2015). Further, they cannot breach the provision of the Corporations legislation such as Corporations Act and the ASIC Act. The Whistleblower Program (AS 8004-2003) is executed in the private sector to provide the key requirements for the whistleblowing framework (Yeoh, 2015). Further, Confidentiality, secrecy, and protection are also included in this program. Conclusion From the above interpretation, it is concluded that whistleblower is the person that represents any kind of business information with insider and outsider of the organization. It is also summarized that they engage in two sectors that are private and public sectors. Further, there are different best-practices contemporary standards for whistleblower policies that made by the federal and state government to protect the whistleblowers. It is also concluded that whistleblower appointed in top level position within the company and they have right to disclose the unlawful activities and code of conduct internally and externally. Recommendations of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) In 2003, corporate governance council of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) has issued the principle of corporate governance and best practice recommendation. Companies that are listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) should establish the code of conduct for directors and senior executives so that they can trade fairly (Zadek, er al., 2013). In addition to this, the company should foster and encourage the whistleblowing by the employees so that any misleading activity can be identified. In 2007, the Corporate Governance Council of ASX has undertaken the extensive review where it suggested that company should identify the actions that are followed by the management to encourage the reporting of unlawful or unethical behavior. In addition to this, the company should actively promote the ethical behavior within the organization for more transparency. Moreover, the company should protect the whistleblowers that report against the violation in the good faith (Parsons, 2016). The company should also protect its procedures that deal with these types of subject matters. References ASIC (2016) Whistleblowers-company officeholder obligations. [Online]. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/running-a-company/company-officeholder-duties/whistleblowers-company-officeholder-obligations/ (Assessed: 10 September 2016). Brough, P., Brown, J. M., and Biggs, A. (2015) Improving criminal justice workplaces: Translating theory and research into evidence-based practice(Vol. 32). UK: Routledge. Harris, E., Petrovits, C., and Yetman, M. H. (2015) Why Bad Things Happen to Good Organizations: The Link Between Governance and Asset Diversions in Public Charities,Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Ion, R., Smith, K., Nimmo, S., Rice, A. M., and McMillan, L. (2015) Factors influencing student nurse decisions to report poor practice witnessed while on placement,Nurse education today,35(7), pp. 900-905. Parsons, P. J. (2016)Ethics in public relations: A guide to best practice. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Shukla, H., and Limbasiya, N. (2015) Board EffEctivEnEss: an Evaluation BasEd on corporatE GovErnancE scorE,International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies,4(1) pp. 40-48. Taiwo, S. F. (2015) Effects of Whistle Blowing Practices on Organizational Performance in the Nigerian Public Sector: Empirical Facts from selected Local Government in Lagos and Ogun State,Journal of Marketing and Management,6(1), p. 41. Weimer, D. L., and Vining, A. R. (2015)Policy analysis: Concepts and practice. UK: Routledge. Whistleblowing Solution (2016) Australian Whistleblower Legislation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.whistleblowing.com.au/learn/whistleblowing/whistleblowing-legislation/ (Assessed: 10 September 2016). Yeoh, P. (2015) Whistleblowing laws: Before and after SarbanesOxley, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,12(3), pp. 254-273. Zadek, S., Evans, R., and Pruzan, P. (2013)Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. UK: Routledge. Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H. and Van Praag, M. (2013) The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment,Management Science,59(7), pp. 1514-1528. Kumar, P. and Zattoni, A. (2016) Corporate Governance, Board Gender Diversity and Firm Performance.Corporate Governance: An International Review,24(4), pp. 388-389. Marinova, J., Plantenga, J. and Remery, C. (2015) Gender diversity and firm performance: Evidence from Dutch and Danish boardrooms,The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 1-14. Nanda, S. (2014)Gender diversity: Crosscultural variations. USA: Waveland Press. Richard, O. C., Kirby, S. L. and Chadwick, K. (2013) The impact of racial and gender diversity in management on financial performance: How participative strategy making features can unleash a diversity advantage,The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(13), pp. 2571-2582. Vafaei, A., Ahmed, K. and Mather, P. (2015) Board Diversity and Financial Performance in the Top 500 Australian Firms.Australian Accounting Review, 25(4), pp. 413-427.